Liszkowski et al 2008, figure 3
Liszkowski et al 2008, figure 3
Liszkowski et al 2008, figure 5
Subjects are 12-month olds.
Fig. 5. Experiment 2. Mean proportion of trials with a point in the experimental (E is ignorant)
and control (E is knowledgeable) conditions.
Liebal et al 2009, figure 1
Liebal et al 2009, figure 2
Liebal et al 2009, figure 3
Liebal et al 2009, figure 4
Here are the results of another study from the same paper, Study 2.
‘In this study, in each of two conditions infants shared a clean-up game involving multiple
different objects with an experimenter (E1). At the end of this game, depending on the condition,
either E1 or a different experimenter (E2), with whom infants had not shared any relevant
experience, pointed toward a new object. If infants understood the situation correctly,
they should clean up this new object when E1 pointed but not when E2 pointed.’
On this simplified measure, the results show that 14 month olds are interepreting pointing
in context.
‘Already by age 14 months, then, infants interpret communication cooperatively, from a shared rather than an egocentric perspective’ \citep[p.\ 269]{Liebal:2010lr}.
‘The fact that infants rely on shared experience even to interpret others’ nonverbal pointing gestures suggests that this ability is not specific to language but rather reflects a more general social-cognitive, pragmatic understanding of human cooperative communication’ \citep[p.\ 270]{Liebal:2010lr}.